A guest post by Y. Bloch
And the Avvim who dwelt in villages all the way to Gaza,
the Caphtorim, who came forth out of Caphtor, destroyed them, and dwelt
in their stead. (Deut. 2:23)
This verse is a striking one in the middle of this week's Torah portion,
Parashat Devarim. Moses
is giving a recap of the conquest of the East Bank, explaining why the
Israelites avoided conflict with some nations and engaged others: the
former were cousins to the Jews, part of the Abrahamic covenant, and so
protected by God; the latter were Amorites, one of the seven nations
whose lands Israel was to inherit.
However, this verse interrupts
the flow. The previous ones discuss the rightful inheritances of the
descendants of Esau and Lot, Abraham's grandson and nephew respectively;
in the next one, Moses relates God's words to him, "Behold I have given
into your hand Sihon the Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land." The
discussion is exclusively about the nations residing on the East Bank of
the Jordan; why does the Torah suddenly throw in this random detail
about the inhabitants of the the Mediterranean coast of the Promised
Land--literally on the other side of the country?
The fact is that this phrase, "all the way to Gaza (
'ad 'Azza)"
is quite a momentous one. The previous time it appears, in the
beginning of the Torah, it defines the furthest extreme of Canaanite
expansion (Gen. 10:18-19):
And afterward were the families of the Canaanites spread abroad. And the border of the Canaanites was from Sidon, as you come to Gerar, all the way to Gaza.
So,
we have the Canaanites moving south, along the coast, from Sidon (still
a major port city in Lebanon). But our verse speaks of two other
peoples: the Avvim and the Caphtorim.
We don't
know the who of the Avvim, but we know the whence: they came from the
east. That much is clear from their appearances in chapters 17-19 of II
Kings, where their city is one of the early conquests of the
Neo-Assyrian Empire, in modern-day Iraq or Iran. Their migration
westward is indicated by the fact that a city in the land given to the
tribe of Benjamin, stretching from Jericho to Jerusalem, is called "The
Avvim" (Josh. 18:23).
So we have Semites coming
westward "all the way to Gaza," Phoenicians coming southward "all the
way to Gaza"--but that is not who's in possession in Moses' time. It's
now the Caphtorim. Where do they come from? Once again, we turn to the
global genealogy of Gen. 10, where the Torah clearly states that the
Caphtorim are of Egyptian origin. That would be yet another invading
force, this time from the southwest, through the Sinai (or possibly just
sailing up the coast).
Gaza is the nexus, the fulcrum, the crucible of empires--not only in Canaanite times, but for the Israelites as well.
So Joshua struck all the country of the hills, and of the South, and of the lowland, and of the slopes, and all their kings... And Joshua struck them from Kadesh Barnea all the way to Gaza... And
all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because the
LORD God of Israel fought for Israel. (Josh. 10:40-42)
Joshua
first sets out from Kadesh Barnea as one of the Scouts, only completing
his mission and making it "all the way to Gaza" 45 years later.
Similarly, the verse says of Solomon (I Kings 4:24; 5:4 in Tanakh):
For
he had dominion over all the region on this side of the river, from
Tiphsah all the way to Gaza, over all the kings on this side of the
river: and he had peace on all sides round about him.
Indeed,
the effusive praise for King Hezekiah, the Davidic heir whose
righteousness made him a candidate for Messiah (according to the Talmud)
concludes (II Kings 18:8): "He struck the Philistines all the way to Gaza, and the borders thereof, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city."
Gaza
has been the farthest extent of at least four ancient empires, and its
symbolism has not been diminished over four millennia. The fates of
nations are decided in Gaza, and the decisions Israelis, Palestinians
and the world must make now are fateful ones. We must call on the
bravery of Joshua, the wisdom of Solomon and the piety of Hezekiah to
find a solution that brings justice, peace and truth all the way to
Gaza.
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